Development Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Notes

Development Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Notes are available here. These notes provide a detailed overview of Chapter 1 Development from the Economics book of social science, making it easier for students to understand the chapter. The notes are created by subject experts from our website CBSE Wale. Our goal is to make learning easier and more convenient. The notes are trustworthy and provide students with a reliable resource to support their studies.

Development Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Notes

Introduction

1. Development refers to the process of positive change and growth that occurs in various aspects of human societies, economies, and individuals over time. It involves improving the overall well-being and quality of life for people, as well as addressing social, economic, and environmental challenges.
2. Development or progress has always been a part of human aspirations.
3. We have desires about how we want to live and what our country should be like.
4. Development involves thinking about essential things we need, improving life for all, promoting equality, and determining how people should live together.
5. Achieving these goals requires careful consideration and planning.
6. Understanding development is a complex task that we begin to explore in this chapter.
7. Our present way of life is influenced by the past, and we cannot desire change without acknowledging this.
8. Realizing our hopes and possibilities for development requires a democratic political process.

What development promises different people different goals

1. Different individuals have different aspirations and notions of development or progress.
2. Each person seeks things that are important to them and fulfill their aspirations.
3. Conflicts can arise when different individuals or groups have conflicting desires.
4. For example, a girl may desire equal freedom and opportunities as her brother, which he may oppose.
5. Industrialists may seek more dams for electricity, but this can negatively affect the lives of people who are displaced, such as tribals.
6. Different people can have different developmental goals.
7. What may be considered development for one person may not be considered development for another.
8. In some cases, a development project can even be destructive for certain individuals or communities.

Income And Other Goals

People desire regular work, better wages, and fair prices for their products, which means they want more income.
In addition to income, people seek equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect, as they resent discrimination.
Material goods are not the only necessities for a good life; non-material factors also play a significant role.
Non-measurable aspects of life, such as friendships and other meaningful experiences, are often overlooked but hold great value.
It would be incorrect to assume that what cannot be measured is unimportant.
When considering a job, factors beyond income, such as family facilities, working atmosphere, and learning opportunities, are crucial.
Different jobs offer varying levels of pay, job security, and work-life balance, impacting one’s sense of security and freedom.
Development involves a combination of goals, including women’s empowerment, shared housework, and a safe environment.
Developmental goals go beyond income and encompass other important aspects of life.

National Development

Individuals have different goals, so their idea of national development will also differ.
Students in a class may have different answers when asked what India should do for development.
It is important to note that different people can have conflicting notions of a country’s development.
There may be conflicts among different ideas, and it is necessary to determine which ideas are more important.
Fairness and justice need to be considered when deciding on the path for national development.
It is important to evaluate if an idea benefits a large number of people or only a small group.
National development involves thinking about these questions and finding a better way of doing things.
National development refers to the overall progress and improvement of a country in various aspects such as economy, society, governance, and infrastructure, with the aim of enhancing the well-being and quality of life of its citizens.

How to compare different countries or states

Development can have different meanings, but some countries are generally considered developed while others are considered underdeveloped.
Students in a class can be compared based on characteristics like height, health, talents, and interests, depending on the purpose of comparison.
For the all-round progress of children in a class, important characteristics are chosen as the basis of comparison, such as friendliness, cooperation, creativity, or academic performance.
In comparing countries, income is considered one of the most important attributes. Countries with higher income are considered more developed.
The income of a country refers to the income of all its residents, but for comparison purposes, average income is more useful. Average income is the total income divided by the total population and is also known as per capita income.
The World Bank classifies countries based on per capita income. High-income or rich countries have per capita income of $49,300 per annum and above, while low-income countries have per capita income of $2,500 or less.
India falls into the category of low middle-income countries, with a per capita income of $6,700 per annum in 2019.
Developed countries, excluding certain small countries and those in the Middle East, are generally referred to as rich countries.
National income refers to the total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific period, typically a year. It is a measure of the economic output and productivity of a nation.
Per capita income refers to the average income earned per person in a specific population or country. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its population. Per capita income is used as an indicator of the standard of living and economic well-being of individuals within a nation.
Low-income countries have low per capita income and face economic challenges, poverty, and limited access to resources. Examples include countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean-Pacific region.
Low middle-income countries refer to countries that have an intermediate level of income, higher than low-income countries but lower than upper middle-income or high-income countries. These countries typically face developmental challenges but have made some progress in improving their economic conditions. They often have emerging industries and a growing middle class. Examples include countries like India, Indonesia, and Nigeria.
High-income countries are nations with a high level of economic prosperity and per capita income . These countries have well-developed infrastructure, advanced industries, and a high standard of living. They typically offer robust social services, healthcare, education, and infrastructure to their citizens. Examples of high-income countries include the United States, Germany, Japan, and Australia.

Income And Other Criteria

People have goals and aspirations beyond just better income, such as security, respect for others, equal treatment, and freedom.
Besides average income, other important attributes for measuring development can be considered.
Per capita income figures of Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar are given in Table 1.3, indicating the average income of each state.
Haryana has the highest per capita income, while Bihar has the lowest.
Looking at Table 1.4, it shows the proportion of child mortality and educational attendance in these states.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) measures the number of babies who die before their first birthday out of 1000 live births in a given year.
Literacy Rate calculates the percentage of the population aged 7 years and above who can read and write.
Net Attendance Ratio (NAR) represents the proportion of children aged 14 and 15 years who are attending school compared to the total number of children in the same age group.
In Kerala, 7 out of 1000 children die before completing one year of age, while in Haryana, it is 30 per 1000 children.
Despite Haryana having a higher per capita income than Kerala, the child mortality rate is significantly higher in Haryana.
The data pertains to the year 2018, which is relatively recent.
The last column of Table 1.4 reveals that about half of the children aged 14-15 in Bihar do not attend school beyond Class 8.
This highlights the issue of a significant number of children in Bihar missing out on education opportunities.
These examples illustrate the importance of looking beyond income to assess development and the challenges that still exist in different regions, even in modern times.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure that assesses the overall development and well-being of a country’s population. It takes into account factors such as life expectancy, education, and income. The HDI provides a numerical value that indicates the level of human development in a country, ranging from 0 to 1, with 1 representing the highest level of development. It is widely used to compare and rank countries based on their achievements in health, education, and standard of living. The HDI aims to capture a more holistic view of development beyond just economic indicators, emphasizing the importance of human well-being and quality of life.

Public Facilities

Income alone is not enough to determine the quality of life, as there are essential goods and services that money cannot buy.
Some important aspects of life, such as a pollution-free environment or access to unadulterated medicines, require collective efforts and resources rather than individual wealth.
Providing goods and services collectively is often more cost-effective and beneficial for society as a whole.
Examples like collective security or the availability of schools show how communal efforts are necessary for certain opportunities and benefits.
The ability to study or access facilities depends on the collective provision of schools and other resources by the government or society.
Inadequate facilities in certain areas can prevent children, especially girls, from pursuing education beyond a certain level.
Kerala’s low Infant Mortality Rate is attributed to its sufficient provision of basic health and educational facilities.
Well-functioning systems like the Public Distribution System (PDS) contribute to better health and nutrition outcomes in specific states.
The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a government-run system implemented in many countries to provide essential food commodities and basic necessities to the general public at affordable prices. It aims to ensure food security and reduce hunger by distributing essential items such as grains, sugar, edible oils, and pulses through a network of fair price shops or ration shops. The PDS is designed to benefit low-income households and vulnerable populations by providing them with subsidized food items to meet their basic needs.
Sri Lanka is a small neighboring country that is more advanced than India in various aspects.
Despite having a higher per capita income than Nepal and Bangladesh, India lags behind them in terms of life expectancy.
The Human Development Report has undergone improvements and additions to its components.
The prefix “Human” in Human Development emphasizes the significance of citizens’ well-being in development.
The focus should be on people, their health, and their overall well-being.
The question raises the possibility of considering additional aspects in measuring human development.
Gross National Income (GNI) is a measure that represents the total income generated by a country’s residents, including both domestic and overseas sources. It takes into account the income earned from various economic activities, such as wages, profits, and remittances. GNI is often used as an indicator of a country’s economic performance and standard of living. It provides a broad measure of the overall income generated within a country, regardless of whether it is earned domestically or abroad. GNI is commonly expressed in monetary terms, such as dollars or euros, and is an important metric for comparing the economic strength of different countries.
Life expectancy at birth refers to the average number of years a person is expected to live from the moment of their birth. It is a statistical measure that provides an estimation of the overall health and longevity of a population. Life expectancy at birth is influenced by various factors, including healthcare, nutrition, living conditions, and socio-economic factors. It serves as an important indicator of the general well-being and quality of life within a country or region.
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical measurement that represents the relationship between a person’s weight and height. It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. BMI is commonly used as an indicator of whether a person has a healthy body weight or is underweight, overweight, or obese.

Human Development Report

Income alone is not enough to measure the level of development.
Health and education indicators are important criteria for measuring development.
Health and education indicators have become widely used alongside income as measures of development.
The Human Development Report published by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) compares countries based on education levels, health status, and per capita income.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a global organization that works to eradicate poverty, promote sustainable development, and improve living standards worldwide. It supports countries in their efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by providing technical expertise, policy advice, and financial resources. The UNDP focuses on areas such as poverty reduction, gender equality, climate change mitigation, democratic governance, and crisis response. It collaborates with governments, civil society organizations, and other partners to foster inclusive and sustainable development for all.
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development projects and programs. Its primary goal is to reduce poverty and promote sustainable economic growth by offering loans, grants, and expertise in areas such as infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and governance. The World Bank works with governments, organizations, and stakeholders to support initiatives that address development challenges and improve the living standards of people in developing countries. It also conducts research and analysis to generate knowledge and inform policies for effective development strategies.
The Human Development Report 2020 provides relevant data on India and its neighboring countries.

Sustainability Of Development

The level of development in a country should be maintained or improved for future generations.
Scientists have been warning that the current type and levels of development are not sustainable.
Groundwater is an example of a renewable resource that can be overused if consumed faster than it is replenished.
Non-renewable resources will eventually be exhausted as they cannot be replenished.
Environmental degradation affects everyone globally and is not limited to specific regions or nations.
The sustainability of development is a new area of knowledge where scientists, economists, philosophers, and social scientists collaborate.
The question of development and progress is ongoing, and individuals and societies need to determine their goals and aspirations.
The debate on development continues as societies and individuals contemplate their desired future outcomes.