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Development Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Extra Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1. What does development involve?
Answer. Thinking about essential things we require, improving life for all, promoting equality, and determining how people should live together.
Question 2. Is development a complex task?
Answer. Yes, it is a complex task.
Question 3. Do all the persons listed in Table 1.1 of textbook have the same notion of development or Answer. progress?
Answer. No, most likely not. Each person seeks different things and has different aspirations.
Question 4. What do individuals seek in terms of development?
Answer. They seek things that are important to them and fulfil their aspirations or desires.
Question 5. Can conflicts arise between individuals or groups when it comes to development?
Answer. Yes, conflicts can arise when different individuals or groups seek conflicting things.
Question 6. Can you give an example of conflicting desires?
Answer. A girl may desire equal freedom and opportunity as her brother, including sharing household work, which her brother may oppose.
Question 7. What can be a conflicting scenario related to development?
Answer. Industrialists may want more dams for electricity, but this may submerge land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced, such as tribals.
Question 8. What is clear about different persons and development?
Answer. Different persons can have different developmental goals.
Question 9. Can development for one person be different or even destructive for another?
Answer. Yes, what may be considered development for one person may not be considered development for another and can even be destructive for the other.
Question 10. What do people desire in terms of work and income?
Answer. People desire regular work, better wages, and decent prices for their products, indicating a desire for more income.
Question 11. Apart from income, what other important goals do people seek?
Answer. People also seek equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect, while resenting discrimination.
Question 12. Why are non-material things important in life?
Answer. Material goods alone are not sufficient for a good life, and the quality of life depends on non-material aspects such as friendships, respect, security, healthcare etc which hold significant value.
Question 13. What factors, apart from income, should be considered when evaluating a job?
Answer. Factors such as family facilities, working atmosphere, job security, respect and opportunities for learning should be considered in addition to income.
Question 14. What are some trade-offs between different job options?
Answer. A job with lower pay but regular employment may enhance one’s sense of security, while a higher-paying job without job security or work-life balance can reduce security and freedom.
Question 15. What factors contribute to women’s development?
Answer. Women’s engagement in paid work increases their dignity, while respect for women leads to more sharing of housework and acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment enables women to pursue a variety of jobs or run a business.
Question 16. Are all ideas of development equally important?
Answer. No, all ideas of development may not be considered equally important.
Question 17. What should be considered when thinking about national development?
Answer. It is important to think about whether there is a better way of doing things and if the idea benefits a large number of people or only a small group.
Question 18. What is considered an important attribute for comparing countries?
Answer. Income is considered one of the most important attributes for comparing countries.
Question 19. Why is income considered important in comparing countries?
Answer. Countries with higher income are considered more developed because higher income provides access to the things that people need and desire.
Question 20. How is the income of a country measured?
Answer. The income of a country is measured as the total income of all its residents.
Question 21. Why is comparing total income not useful when comparing countries?
Answer. Total income does not provide an accurate measure of what an average person in a country is likely to earn, as countries have different populations.
Question 22. How is average income calculated for comparing countries?
Answer. Average income, also known as per capita income, is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population.
Question 23. How does the World Bank classify countries based on income?
Answer. Countries with a per capita income of $49,300 per annum and above are classified as high-income or rich countries, while countries with a per capita income of $2,500 or less are classified as low-income countries.
Question 24. What income category does India fall into?
Answer. India falls into the category of low middle-income countries, with a per capita income of $6,700 per annum in 2019.
Question 25. What are countries with higher income levels generally called?
Answer. Countries with higher income levels, excluding countries in the Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.
Question 26. What are some goals and aspirations people have besides better income?
Answer. Security, respect for others, equal treatment, freedom, etc.
Question 27. Besides average income, what are other important attributes to consider when thinking about a nation or a region?
Answer. Other equally important attributes such as security, respect, equal treatment, freedom, etc.
Question 28. What do the figures in Table 1.3 represent?
Answer. The per capita income of Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar.
Question 29. Which state has the highest per capita income among Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar?
Answer. Haryana.
Question 30. Which state has the lowest per capita income among Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar?
Answer. Bihar.
Question 31. What does the table in Table 1.4 show?
Answer. The table shows data pertaining to child mortality and educational attendance in the states.
Question 32. How many children out of 1000 die before completing one year of age in Kerala
Answer. 7 children.
Question 33. How does the proportion of children dying within one year of birth in Haryana compare to that of Kerala?
Answer. The proportion in Haryana is nearly three times more than that of Kerala.
Question 34. Besides income, what is another aspect that the data in Table 1.4 highlights?
Answer. The data highlights the issue of children in Bihar not attending school beyond Class 8.
Question 35. Can money buy a pollution-free environment or unadulterated medicines?
Answer. Normally, money cannot buy these things unless you can afford to live in a community that already has them.
Question 36. Can money alone protect you from infectious diseases?
Answer. No, unless the whole community takes preventive steps, money may not provide protection.
Question 37. Why are some children, especially girls, not able to go to high school in many areas?
Answer. Because the government or society has not provided adequate facilities for education.
Question 38. Why does Kerala have a low Infant Mortality Rate?
Answer. Kerala has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities, which contributes to better health outcomes.
Question 39. What report compares countries based on education levels, health status, and per capita income?
Answer. The Human Development Report.
Question 40. Who publishes the Human Development Report?
Answer. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).
Question 41. What does the Human Development Report measure?
Answer. It measures the educational levels, health status, and per capita income of people in different countries.
Question 40. Does India have a low rank in the world despite being a big country?
Answer. Yes, India has a low rank in the world.
Question 41. According to Table 1.6 of the textbook, are Nepal and Bangladesh better than India in terms of life expectancy?
Answer. Yes, Nepal and Bangladesh have better life expectancy than India.
Question 42. What does the prefix “Human” in Human Development emphasise?
Answer. The importance of citizens’ well-being in development.
Question 43. What is the most important aspect in development?
Answer. People, their health, and their well-being.
Question 44. What is an example of a renewable resource?
Answer. Groundwater is an example of a renewable resource.
Question 45. How are renewable resources replenished?
Answer. Renewable resources are replenished by nature, such as through rainfall for groundwater or the growth of crops and plants.
Question 46. Can renewable resources be overused?
Answer. Yes, even renewable resources like groundwater can be overused if the consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment.
Question 47. What are non-renewable resources?
Answer. Non-renewable resources are those that will eventually be exhausted after a few years of use and cannot be replenished.
Question 48. Do the consequences of environmental degradation respect national or state boundaries?
Answer. No, the consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.
Question 49. Is sustainability of development a relatively new area of knowledge?
Answer. Yes, sustainability of development is a comparatively new area of knowledge.
Question 50. Who collaborates in the field of sustainability and development?
Answer. Scientists, economists, philosophers, and other social scientists work together in the field of sustainability and development.
Question 51. What are two key developmental objectives for rural women?
Answer. (i) Ensuring dignity within the household. (ii) Creating a safe and secure environment.
Question 52. What are two major national development goals of India?
Answer. (i) Establishing a corruption-free society. (ii) Achieving high per capita income.
Question 53. Which attribute is crucial for national development?
Answer. The national income or per capita income of the country.
Question 54. What is the primary factor for comparing different countries?
Answer. Per capita income.
Question 55. What does the term “Infant Mortality Rate” represent?
Answer. The Infant Mortality Rate indicates the proportion of children who die before reaching the age of one year per 1000 live births in a given year.
Question 56. Define the term “Literacy Rate.”
Answer. Literacy Rate measures the percentage of the population aged seven and above who are able to read and write.
Question 57. What is meant by “Net Attendance ratio”?
Answer. Net Attendance ratio represents the percentage of children in the age group of 6-10 who attend school out of the total number of children in the same age group.
Question 58. Define “Gross Enrolment Ratio.
Answer. Gross Enrolment Ratio is the ratio of enrolled students to the total population in primary, secondary, and higher education.
Question 59. Name two things that cannot be purchased with money.
Answer. (i) Peace. (ii) Freedom.
Question 60: What is the purpose of a Public Distribution System?
Answer. The Public Distribution System is a government program that ensures food security by providing affordable food grains and essential items to the poor.
Question 61. Explain the concept of “Human Development Index.”
Answer. The Human Development Index is an index created by the World Bank, which ranks nations based on various indicators such as per capita income, life expectancy, and literacy rate.
Question 62. What are the three components of the Human Development Index?
Answer. (i) Per Capita Income. (ii) Life Expectancy. (iii) Literacy Rate.
Question 63. Name two parameters in which Sri Lanka has outperformed India in the Human Development Index.
Answer. (i) Per capita income. (ii) Literacy rate.
Question 64. Define “life expectancy.”
Answer. Life expectancy refers to the average expected lifespan of a person from birth.
Question 65. What is the life expectancy in India?
Answer. The life expectancy in India is 70.15 years.
Question 66. What is the life expectancy in Japan?
Answer. The life expectancy in Japan is 84.62 years.
Question 67. What is the concept of “Sustainable Development”?
Answer. Sustainable development is an economic development approach that aims to preserve the quality of life for present and future generations while safeguarding natural resources and the environment.
Question 68. Which region of the world possesses significant crude oil reserves?
Answer. The Middle East is known for having large crude oil reserves.
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1. What does development involve?
Answer. Development involves thinking about essential things that we require, contemplating whether life can be better for all, considering how people should live together, and exploring the possibility of more equality.
Question 2. What do individuals seek when it comes to development?
Answer. They seek things that are of utmost importance to them, aiming to fulfill their aspirations and desires.
Question 3. What are some common desires of people mentioned in Table 1.1 in the textbook?
Answer. People desire regular work, better wages, and a decent price for their crops or products, indicating a desire for more income.
Question 4. Apart from seeking more income, what other goals do people have?
Answer. People also seek equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect from others. They resent discrimination.
Question 5. Can you provide an example of how factors other than income influence job decisions?
Answer. Consider accepting a job in a distant location. Apart from income, factors such as family facilities, working atmosphere, and opportunities for learning would be taken into consideration. For instance, a job with lower pay but regular employment may enhance one’s sense of security, while a high-paying job without job security or work-life balance can reduce security and freedom.
Question 6. What does national development entail?
Answer. National development involves thinking about questions related to conflicting ideas, fairness, justice, and considering if there is a better way of achieving development.
Question 7. Why is income considered an important attribute for comparing countries in terms of development?
Answer. Income is considered one of the most important attributes for comparing countries because it is believed that higher income enables people to have access to the things they need and desire. More income generally means a higher standard of living.
Question 8. Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
Answer. Both explanations (a) and (b) are important in understanding why different persons have different notions of development. People are inherently different, with varying values, priorities, and perspectives. This influences how they perceive and define development. Additionally, individuals have different life situations, such as their socio-economic background, education, cultural context, and personal experiences, which shape their understanding of development. Both factors contribute to the diversity of notions of development among individuals.
Question 9. Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Answer. No, the two statements do not mean the same. Statement (a) suggests that people have different goals they wish to achieve in their personal development. These goals may vary based on individual preferences, aspirations, and circumstances. On the other hand, statement (b) implies that people’s developmental goals are in direct conflict with each other, indicating a clash or contradiction in their objectives. While it is possible for some developmental goals to be in conflict, it is not necessarily true for all individuals or situations. Therefore, statement (a) is more accurate in reflecting the diversity of developmental goals among people.
Question 10. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer. Factors other than income that are important aspects of our lives include:
Education: Access to quality education and opportunities for learning.
Health: Availability of healthcare services, nutrition, and overall well-being.
Social relationships: Having strong connections, support systems, and a sense of community.
Personal freedoms: Enjoying individual rights, liberties, and freedom of expression.
Environment: Living in a clean and sustainable environment, with access to resources.
Safety and security: Feeling protected and having a stable and peaceful living environment.
Cultural and recreational opportunities: Access to arts, culture, sports, and leisure activities.
Income by itself cannot guarantee access to goods and services such as a pollution-free environment or unadulterated medicines.
Question 11. Why is it desirable for the level of development in a particular country to be maintained or improved for future generations?
Answer. It is desirable because it ensures a better quality of life and opportunities for future generations.
Question 12. What is the concern raised by scientists regarding the present type and levels of development?
Answer. Scientists have been warning that the present type and levels of development are not sustainable.
Question 13. Why is the question of development or progress considered perennial?
Answer. The question of development or progress is perennial because it is a continuous and ongoing debate. As individuals and members of society, we always need to reflect on our goals, aspirations, and the direction we want to go in terms of development.
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1. (i) Define development and provide two features of development.
(ii) What is national income?
(iii) Explain per capita income.
Answer. (i) Development encompasses various aspects such as the increase in real per capita income, improvement in living standards, reduction in poverty, illiteracy, crime rate, and more.
Features:
(a) Development goals vary among individuals.
(b) Income plays a significant role in development.
(ii) National income refers to the total value of all goods and services produced within a country, including net income from abroad.
(iii) Per capita income is calculated by dividing the total national income by the population of a country.
Per Capita Income = National Income / Population
Question 2. (i) State the criteria used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the Human Development Report to compare different countries.
(ii) What is the new interdisciplinary field where scientists, economists, philosophers, and social scientists collaborate?
(iii) Define Human Development.
(iv) Explain Sustainable Development.
(v) Which organisation measures Human Development? Provide three major indicators of Human Development.
Answer. (i) The criteria used in the Human Development Report by UNDP include per capita income, life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, and access to basic necessities such as clean drinking water and sanitation.
(ii) Sustainability of development is the new interdisciplinary field where scientists, economists, philosophers, and social scientists collaborate.
(iii) Human Development refers to the process of expanding people’s choices and raising their well-being, allowing them to lead purposeful and creative lives. It encompasses various elements such as consumption, health, environment, education, freedom, security, and a non-violent atmosphere, in addition to indicators like national income and per capita income.
(iv) Sustainable Development aims to maintain the quality of life for both present and future generations without depleting natural resources and damaging the environment.
(v) The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) measures HDR.
Major indicators of HDR:
(a) Educational level
(b) Health status
(c) Per capita income
Question 3. Describe three features of a developed country.
Answer. (i) According to the World Bank Report 2012, a country with a per capita income of US$ 12,276 per annum and above is considered a developed or rich country.
(ii) Developed countries generally exhibit high literacy rates.
(iii) A significant portion of the population in developed countries is engaged in the service sector.
Question 4. What is PCI? Where is it used?
Answer. PCI stands for Per Capita Income. It is calculated by dividing the National Income of a country by its population.
Uses:
(i) Per Capita Income is used to compare different countries.
(ii) The World Bank categorises countries as either high-income or low-income based on their per capita income.
Question 5. What are the development goals for the following:
(i) Labourer
(ii) Rich farmer
(iii) Trader
Answer. (i) Labourer: Development goals for a labourer may include fair wages, job security, improved working conditions, access to social security benefits, skill development opportunities, and an enhanced standard of living.
(ii) Rich farmer: Development goals for a rich farmer may involve increasing agricultural productivity, expanding land holdings, adopting advanced farming techniques and technologies, diversifying income sources, and ensuring profitability in agricultural operations.
(iii) Trader: Development goals for a trader may focus on expanding business networks, increasing market share, achieving higher profits, exploring new markets, improving logistics and supply chain management, and enhancing overall competitiveness of their business.
Question 6. What is national development? What aspects does it cover?
Answer. National development is a comprehensive term that encompasses the improvement of living standards, increase in per capita income, and the provision of social amenities such as education, medical care, and social services to the citizens of a country.
Aspects covered under national development:
(i) Fair and just utilisation of resources within the country.
(ii) Implementation of programs and policies that benefit a large number of people.
(iii) Focus on social infrastructure, including education, health, and other social services.
Question 7. What contributes to human development?
Answer. Human development is influenced by a range of economic and non-economic factors, including:
(i) Living a long and healthy life.
(ii) Access to education, information, and knowledge.
(iii) Enjoying a decent standard of living.
(iv) Exercising fundamental rights such as freedom, security, and education.
(v) Ensuring equality and the enjoyment of human rights.
Question 8. What is the significance of the Human Development Index?
Answer. The Human Development Index (HDI) holds several significances:
(i) HDI is used to measure the level of development in a country.
(ii) It provides rankings for countries based on their development levels.
(iii) HDI takes a comprehensive approach, considering factors such as income, education, health status, and life expectancy to measure economic development.
(iv) It goes beyond income and includes various aspects of life to evaluate a nation’s progress.
Question 9. What are the limitations of using per capita income as a criteria for development?
Answer. (i) Per capita income represents the average income of a country, overlooking income distribution disparities.
(ii) It focuses solely on the economic aspect of life and neglects social factors.
(iii) Per capita income criteria fail to account for indicators such as education, health, life expectancy, and sanitation.
(iv) Non-material aspects like peace, pollution-free environment, and democracy are not considered.
(v) For instance, although Punjab may have higher per capita income compared to Kerala, Kerala ranks higher on the Human Development Index due to its higher literacy rate and lower infant mortality rate.
Question 10. Explain why average income is considered an important criterion for development.
Answer. (i) Average income provides insight into what an average person can expect to receive from the total national income.
(ii) It is used to classify countries as rich, poor, or developing nations.
(iii) Average income serves as a basis for formulating economic policies.
Question 11. Why are the countries of the Middle East not called ‘developed’ despite having high per capita income?
Answer. (i) The Middle East countries are often not categorised as ‘developed’ due to their relatively small size.
(ii) There is a significant wealth gap between the rich and the poor in these countries.
(iii) Despite having high per capita income, wealth distribution is unequal.
(iv) These countries heavily rely on oil production, resulting in a dependence on a single major source of income.
(v) The World Bank’s World Development Report excludes these countries from the list of developed nations.
Question 12. Highlight three advantages of public facilities.
Answer. (i) Public facilities are cost-effective means of providing basic services collectively.
(ii) Many poor individuals rely on public facilities for their survival.
(iii) Services like police, education, and transportation become more affordable when included as part of public facilities.
Question 13. How is BMI used to determine undernourishment in a person? Explain.
Answer. (i) Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to assess undernourishment in adults.
(ii) It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in metres.
(iii) A BMI figure below 18.5 indicates undernourishment, while a BMI above 25 signifies overweight.
(ii) If this figure is less than 18.5, then the person would be considered undernourished. However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.